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Kako mlijeko postaje jogurt?

Popularnost jogurta u svijetu se povećava. Zategnuta vrsta jogurta, nazvana grčki jogurt, danas je postala industrija s milijardama dolara. Postoje mnogi članci o tome kako je zdrav jogurt zbog korisnih bakterija koje sadrži.

Izrada jogurta kod kuće je vrlo jednostavna. Broj onih koji dijele svoj domaći jogurt na internetu i pod mikroskopom i ispituju proces izrade kemijskog procesa u proizvodnji jogurta nije nimalo nizak.

Činjenica da se proizvodnja jogurta kontrolira je proces rezanja mlijeka. Zato prisiljavate mlijeko da se razbije na određeni način. Kod izrade komercijalnog jogurta, protresite mlijeko u perilici sličnog alata kako biste zadržali ispravnu konzistenciju. Ovaj proces mijenja mikroskopsku strukturu mlijeka dijeljenjem velikih kolača mlijeka na male komadiće. Svaki sloj prekriva sloj mliječnih proteina. Stoga, kada se mlijeko počne rezati, ti se proteini prianjaju jedan na drugi kako bi se osiguralo da je masnoća ravnomjerno raspoređena u jogurtu i da je u dobroj konzistenciji.

Stupanj i trajanje grijanja
Zatim se povećava temperatura i štetne bakterije ubijaju u mlijeku. Grijanje također započinje proces postavljanja strukture molekularne mreže otapanjem proteina.

Stupanj i trajanje grijanja mlijeka određuje okus jogurta. U komercijalnoj proizvodnji jogurta, mlijeko se obično zagrijava na 85 stupnjeva tijekom 30 minuta ili 90-95 stupnjeva tijekom 5 minuta. Prema poduzeću koje razvija električni aparat za domaći jogurt, jogurt od mlijeka zagrijanog na manje od 76 stupnjeva nosi neuredan i blago kiselkast okus, dok je mlijeko koje se drži 10 minuta na 90 stupnjeva teže i manje kiselo.

Kada se zagrijano mlijeko drži na temperaturi tijela (37 stupnjeva), glavni dio proizvodnje jogurta prelazi u proces fermentacije. Na toj temperaturi počinju rasti dvije najčešće bakterije u jogurtu, laktobacilus bulgaricus i Streptococcus thermophilus. Oni umnožavaju šećer u mlijeku, tj. Uzimaju laktozu i pretvaraju je u mliječnu kiselinu. Kako se kiselina u mlijeku povećava, pH se smanjuje.

Što se događa kada se kiselina diže?
Mliječni proteini prepoznaju tu promjenu. Do danas, proteini su vezani za nakupine oko debelih slojeva ili u nakupine stabilizirane soli kalcijevog fosfata. Međutim, sa smanjenjem pH ravnoteže, ova sol se otapa, a nakupine proteina počinju se otapati. Oslobođeni proteini oblikuju mrežu tako što se drže zajedno. Na ovu mrežu pričvršćeni su valjci za vodu i ulje. Mlijeko se sada pretvorilo u jogurt.

Kada je proces fermentacije prekinut gnječenjem, proizvod je u obliku gela. Procijenjeni jogurt se dobiva prolaskom dodatne faze. Ovdje se jogurt miješa, razgrađuje voda, šećer i proteini. Tako se dobiva više kremasta konzistencija. Međutim, mnoge stvari, od zagrijavanja mlijeka do količine proteina koje sadrži i bez utjecaja na nju, djeluju na konačnu konzistentnost.

Proizvođači jogurta i znanstvenici za hranu do sada su proučavali i isprobavali mnoge oblike dosljednosti. Za mjerenja se koriste različiti instrumenti.

U procesu proizvodnje moguće je vidjeti nakupine bjelančevina u mikroskopima koji se koriste za detaljno ispitivanje strukture jogurta, bakterija koje su pričvršćene na mreže, masnih zrnaca i drugih elemenata u osjetljivoj kemijskoj strukturi koja stvara jogurt uz pomoć fluorescencije.

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