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Kaj je senzor? Katere so vrste?

Senzorji, ki služijo kot most, ki povezuje fizično okolje in električnih/elektronskih naprav za industrijske namene. Te naprave imajo širok spekter uporabe kot so nadzor, zaščita in slikanje v industrijski postopek.

 

Več sto vrst senzorjev, ki danes lahko navede. Neverjetno hiter razvoj mikroelektroniko tehnologije omogočajo, da razvije nov izum ali nov tip uporabe vsak dan.

 

V tehnične terminologije, pogoji zaznavalo in merilnikom, ki se pogosto uporabljajonamesto med seboj. Senzorjev je običajno opredeljeno kot pretvorniku energije. Senzor je naprava, ki pretvarja različne oblike energije v električno energijo. Leta 1969,vendar, ISA (Instrument Society of America) priznana teh dveh pogojev kot sopomenke in opisal kot "orodje, ki pretvarja izmerjene fizikalne lastnosti, količine in pogojev v razpoložljivi električni znesek".


 

Razvrščanje senzorjev

To je možno ločiti senzorji v veliko različnih razredov. Glede na izmerjeno velikost, glede na velikost proizvodnje, glede na zahteve za hranjenje itd...

 

Za vnos velikosti

Velikost meri s senzorji lahko razdelimo v 6 skupin. To;

1. mehanski: Dolžina, območje, količino, masni pretok, sila, navor (trenutek), tlak, hitrost, pospešek, položaj, zvok valovne dolžine in jakosti

2. toplotno: temperatura, toplotni tok

3. električni: Napetost, tok, çarc, upor, induktivnost, kapacitivnosti, dielektrične koeficient, polarizacija, električno polje in pogostost

4. magnetno: polje, gostota, gostota toka, magnetni moment, prepustnost

5. sijaj: Gostota, valovna dolžina, polarizacija, faza, projekcija, pošiljanje

6. kemikalije: kondenzacija, vsebine, oksidacijo/redakcije, hitrost reakcije, PH količine

 

Glede velikosti izhod

Nasprotno, digitalnih izhodov, ki so alternativa analognih izhodov lahko komuniciraneposredno z računalniki. Nekaterih protokolov, ki se uporabljajo pri določanju tehsporočil. Serijski komunikacijski protokoli so na kratko navedena spodaj.

 

RS232C: Ta protokol je bil prvotno načrtovan za telefon podatkovno komunikacijo. Torej veliko računalniških sistemov starter using to čestokrat, ter na koncu RS232 postal standardni komunikacijski protokol. Delo je RS232C se mora končati v enem (enim valjem). Logika je med 1 = 15,0 3 in logika 0 = + 3, + 15. Senzorji pošlje podatkev računalnik v bitih in v skladu s serijski komunikacijski protokol. Saj RS232C je vmesnik enim valjem, razdalja med sprejemnik in oddajnik mora biti kratki zmanjšanje negativnih dejavnikov (EMI, RFI motenj) iz zunanjega okolja.

 

RS422A: Tega protokola je diferencialna končal vmesnik. Razdalja med oddajnik je dovolj daleč. Sistem bo še tudi če dušenje zmanjša raven 200mv zaradi te razdalje. Zahvaljujoč diferencialno vmesnik, slabljenje signala zanemarljiva in lahko zagotovi zelo vrhoven novice obrok. V komunikaciji med zaznavalom in računalnik, zvit par (posukanega kabel) se uporablja za interakcijo z zunanjim vplivom.

 

RS485: Standard 422a je protokol, ki je ustvaril razširitev protokola. 32 sprejemnik oddajnik lahko delo s tem protokolom, za zagotavljanje podatkov komunikacije z enim kablom. Protokol RS485 odpravlja težave v komunikaciji na kabel.

Proizvodnja vmesnik tip Max dolžina kabla max podatkov stopnja komunikacije tipaRS232C sam končal napetosti 15 Mt 20kbps toča RS422A differantial napetost 1,2 km 10mbps toča RS485A differantial napetost 1,2 km 10mbps multidrop (32 vozlišče)Tabela 2: serijski komunikacijski protokoli

 

Glede zahteve za hranjenje

Senzorji lahko razdelimo na dva razreda po svoje ponudbe zahteve. To;

 

Pasivni senzorji

Fizikalnih in kemičnih vrednosti pretvoriti v druge velikosti ne prejemajo zunanjo energijo (brez potrebe po napajalna napetost) na kakršen koli način. Primeri tovrstnihsenzor so termoelementom (T/C) ali stikala. T/C bo pojasnjeno v nadaljevanju. Ključno je, da pretvori mehansko gibanje v električni vžig kot znano.

Aktivni senzorji

Zunanje energije prehrane, ki jih potrebujejo za svoje delo. Ti senzorji so po navadiuporabljajo za merjenje šibki signali. Točk šteje v aktivni senzorji so vhodov in izhodov. Te vrste senzorjev proizvodnjo električnih signalov v digitalni ali analogni obliki.V analognih izhodov, je velikost izhodne napetosti ali toka. Izhodno napetost na splošno dokaj široko uporablja v območju od 0-5v. Vendar pa 4-20ma izhodni tok je postala standard v industriji. V nekaterih primerih, trenutni cikel 0-20ma uporabljamo,vendar v primerih, kot so motnje v industriji, ki se pogosto pojavljajo v vrsticah sistem je lažje odkriti in 4-20ma je bolj pogosto, da bi sporočanje podatkov zdravo. Zelostara senzorji so 10-50 MA trenutno izhodov. Uporaba najbolj razširjenih 4-20 MA cikel tipa v industriji zahteva nekaterih posebnih priložnostih.

 

Te točke so;

• Ne napajalna napetost je potrebno na oddaljene točke, kjer senzorji so postavljeni.

• Senzorji uporabljati v nevarnih aplikacij, kjer napetost signala lahko omejena!

• Kable do senzorja mora biti omejena na dva.

• Trenutni ciklov so relativno zaščiteni pred nenadnih skokov hrup napetost. Vendarpa ne more prenašati na dolge razdalje podatkov.

• Senzorji morajo biti električno izolirani iz merilnega sistema.

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