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Apakah satu sensor? Apakah jenis-jenis

Sensor bertindak sebagai jambatan yang menghubungkan persekitaran fizikal dan peranti elektrik/elektronik untuk tujuan perindustrian. Alat-alat ini mempunyai pelbagai aplikasi seperti kawalan, perlindungan dan pengimejan semasa proses perindustrian.

 

Beratus-ratus jenis-jenis penderia yang dikeluarkan semalam tempat yang dinyatakan. Perkembangan yang amat cepat dalam teknologi mikro-elektronik membolehkananda untuk membangunkan satu ciptaan baru atau jenis baru permohonan tiap-tiap hari.

 

Dalam istilah teknikal, terma-terma penderia dan transduser sering digunakan bagi menggantikan antara satu sama lain. Transduser yang secara umumnya ditakrifkan sebagai penukar tenaga. Sensor merupakan peranti yang menukarkan format tenagayang pelbagai kepada tenaga elektrik. Pada tahun 1969, Walau bagaimanapun, ISA(instrumen Society of America) diiktiraf ini dua penggal sebagai sinonim dan menyifatkan ia sebagai "alat yang menukarkan ciri-ciri fizikal yang diukur, kuantiti, dan syarat-syarat ke dalam amaun elektrik yang tersedia".


 

Pengkelasan penderia

Ia adalah mungkin untuk memisahkan sensor ke banyak kelas-kelas yang berbeza.Mengikut saiz diukur mengikut saiz output, menurut keperluan pemakanan dan lain-lain...

 

Oleh saiz kemasukan

Saiz yang diukur oleh sensor boleh dibahagikan kepada 6 Kumpulan. Ini;

1. mekanikal: Panjang, kawasan, kuantiti, aliran jisim, daya, tork (ketika ini), tekanan,halaju, pecutan, kedudukan, bunyi panjang gelombang yang berkuat dan keamatan

2. haba: suhu, haba sentiasa berubah-ubah

3. elektrik: Voltan, arus, çarc, perintang boleh, inductance, kemuatan, pekali dielectric, polarisasi, bidang elektrik dan kekerapan

4. magnet: medan kepadatan, ketumpatan fluks, purata jangka hayat, kadar resapan

5. cahaya: Ketumpatan, panjang gelombang yang berkuat, polarisasi, fasa, unjuran,menghantar

6. kimia: pemeluwapan, kandungan, pengoksidaan/redaction, kadar tindak balas, PHkuantiti

 

Mengikut saiz output yang

Sebaliknya, output digital yang alternatif kepada analog output boleh berhubung secara langsung dengan komputer. Protokol tertentu yang digunakan apabila mewujudkan komunikasi. Protokol komunikasi bersiri dinyatakan secara ringkas di bawah.

 

RS232C: Protokol ini pada asalnya direka untuk telefon data komunikasi. Maka banyak sistem komputer mula menggunakannya kerap, dan akhirnya RS232 telah menjadi protokol komunikasi yang standard. Kerja-kerja di RS232C hendaklah tamat satu(single-berakhir). Logik adalah antara 1 =-15.0-3 dan logik 0 = + 3, + 15. Pengesanmenghantar data ke komputer dalam bit dan selaras dengan protokol komunikasi bersiri. Oleh kerana RS232C adalah sebuah antara muka tunggal-berakhir, jarak di antara penerima dan pengirim hendaklah disimpan pendek dari segi mengurangkan faktor-faktor negatif (EMI, gangguan RFI) daripada persekitaran luaran.

 

RS422A: Protokol ini telah berakhir antara muka yang berbeza. Jarak di antara penghantar-terima itu adalah cukup jauh. Sistem akan terus berkomunikasi walaupun pelemahan hidrologi yang dikurangkan kepada tahap 200mv kerana jarak ini. Terima kasih kepada muka yang berbeza, dengan isyarat pelemahan hidrologi adalah diabaikan dan boleh disediakan dengan kadar data yang sangat tinggi. Dalam komunikasiantara sensor dan komputer, pasangan berpintal (kabel berpintal) digunakan untukberinteraksi dengan pengaruh luar.

 

RS485: Standard 422a adalah protokol yang dicipta oleh memanjangkan protokol. 32 penerima pemancar boleh bekerja dengan protokol ini untuk menyediakan data komunikasi dengan kabel tunggal. Protokol RS485 menghapuskan masalah komunikasi kabel.

Output antaramuka jenis Max kabel panjang maksimum Data kadar komunikasi jenis RS232C tunggal berakhir voltan 15 Mt 20kbps titik ke titik RS422A differantial voltan 1.2 km 10mbps titik ke titik RS485A differantial voltan 1.2 km 10mbps multidrop(32 nod) Jadual 2: bersiri Protokol komunikasi

 

Mengikut keperluan pemakanan

Pengesan boleh dibahagikan kepada dua kelas sesuai dengan keperluan bekalan mereka. Ini;

 

Penderia pasif

Ia menukar nilai-nilai fizikal atau kimia kepada saiz yang lain tanpa menerima tenaga luar (tanpa memerlukan voltan bekalan) dalam apa jua cara. Contoh-contoh jenispenderia ini ialah thermocouple (T/C) atau suis. T/C akan dijelaskan di bawah. Utama adalah untuk menukar gerakan mekanikal kepada penyalaan elektrik yang sepertidikenali.

Pengesan aktif

Mereka perlu untuk diet luar tenaga untuk kerja-kerja mereka. Pengesan ini biasanya digunakan untuk mengukur isyarat yang lemah. Perkara-perkara untuk dipertimbangkan dalam pengesan aktif adalah input dan output. Penderia jenis ini menghasilkan isyarat keluaran elektrik dalam format digital atau analog. Analog output, saiz output adalah voltan atau arus. Voltan output biasanya agak meluas digunakan dalamjulat 0-5v. Walau bagaimanapun, output semasa 4-20ma kini menjadi piawaian dalam industri. Dalam sesetengah kes, kitaran semasa 0-20ma digunakan, tetapi dalamkes-kes seperti gangguan kepada pihak industri yang sering berlaku dalam talian, sistem ini adalah lebih mudah untuk dikesan dan 4-20ma adalah lebih biasa untuk membuat data komunikasi yang sihat. Pengesan yang sangat tua mempunyai 10-50MA output semasa. Penggunaan jenis kitaran MA 4-20 paling banyak digunakan dalam industri memerlukan beberapa Majlis-Majlis khas.

 

Perkara ini adalah;

• Tiada voltan bekalan elektrik yang diperlukan di tempat jauh mana sensor ditempatkan.

• Pengesan sepatutnya digunakan dalam aplikasi yang berbahaya di mana isyarat voltan mungkin terhad!

• Kabel untuk sensor mestilah terhad kepada dua.

• Kitaran semasa akan agak dilindungi secara tiba-tiba lompatan voltan bunyi bising. Walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak dapat menghantar data jarak jauh.

• Pengesan mesti ditebat elektrik daripada sistem pengukur.

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