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Ce este un senzor? Care sunt tipurile?

Senzori servi ca un pod care leagă mediul fizic şi dispozitive electrice/electronice pentru uz industrial. Aceste dispozitive au o gamă largă de aplicaţii, cum ar fi controlul,protectie si imagistica în timpul procesului de industriale.

 

Sute de tipuri de senzori produsă astăzi poate fi menţionat. Incredibil de rapid evoluţii în tehnologia micro-electronică vă permite să dezvolte o noua inventie sau un nou tip de aplicaţie în fiecare zi.

 

În terminologia tehnică, termenii de senzor şi traductor sunt utilizate frecvent în locul celuilalt. Traductor este în general definit ca Convertor de energie. Senzorul esteun dispozitiv care transformă diferite formate de energie în energie electrică. În 1969, cu toate acestea, ISA (Instrument Society of America) recunoscut acestor doi termeni ca sinonime şi l-a descris ca "un instrument care converteşte proprietăţile fizicemăsurate, cantitățile și condițiile într-o sumă disponibilă electrice".


 

Clasificarea de senzori

Este posibil să se separe senzori în mai multe clase diferite. În funcţie de dimensiunea măsurată, în funcţie de mărimea de ieşire, în funcţie de cerinţa de hrănire etc...

 

De mărimi de intrare

Dimensiunea măsurată de senzori pot fi împărţite în 6 grupe. Acestea;

1. mecanica: Lungimea, zona, cantitatea, fluxul masic, vigoare, cuplul (momentul), presiune, viteza, accelerare, poziţie, sunet de undă şi intensitatea

2. termic: temperatura, fluxul de căldură

3. electrice: Tensiune, curent, çarc, rezistor, inductanţă, capacitate, coeficientul dielectrice, polarizare, câmp electric şi frecvenţa

4. magnetice: de câmp densitate, densitate flux, momentul magnetic, permeabilitate

5. strălucire: Densitate, lungime de undă, polarizare, faza, proiecţie, trimiterea

6. chimice: condensare, conţinut, oxidare/redactare, rata de reacţie, cantitatea de PH

 

În funcţie de mărimile de ieşire

Pe de altă parte, iesiri digitale, care sunt alternative la analogic ieşiri poate comunicadirect cu computere. Anumite protocoale sunt utilizate la stabilirea aceste comunicări. Protocoale de comunicare serial sunt menţionate pe scurt mai jos.

 

RS232C: Acest protocol a fost iniţial conceput pentru comunicare de date telefon. Apoi sistemelor a început folosind-o frecvent, şi în cele din urmă RS232 a devenit unprotocol standard de comunicare. RS232C pe locul de muncă trebuie să se termine într-una (single-ended). Logica este între 1 =-15.0-3 şi logica 0 = + 3, + 15. Senzori trimite date la calculator în biţi şi în conformitate cu Protocolul de comunicare serial.Deoarece RS232C este o interfaţă soclu unic, distanţa dintre receptor si expeditorultrebuie să fie păstrate scurt în ceea ce priveşte reducerea factori negativi (EMI, RFI interferenţe) de mediul extern.

 

RS422A: Acest protocol are o interfaţă diferenţial s-a terminat. Distanţa dintre transceiver este destul de departe. Sistemul va continua să comunice, chiar dacă atenuarea este redusă la un nivel de 200mv datorită această distanţă. Datorită interfeţei diferenţial, atenuarea semnalului este neglijabil şi pot fi furnizate cu o rata foarte mare de date. În comunicarea dintre senzor și computerul, Twisted Pair (cablu răsucite) este utilizat pentru a interacţiona cu influenţe externe.

 

RS485: Standard 422a este un protocol care este creat prin extinderea protocolul. Transmiţătorul 32 receptor poate lucra cu acest Protocol pentru a furniza date de comunicare cu un singur cablu. Protocolul RS485 elimină problemele de comunicare pecablu.

Ieşire interfata tip Lungimea cablului Max max date rata comunicare tip RS232C Single ended tensiune 15 Mt 20kbps punct la punct RS422A differantial tensiune 1.2 km 10mbps punct la punct RS485A differantial tensiune 1.2 km 10mbps multidrop (nod 32) tabelul 2: Serial Protocoale de comunicatie

 

În funcţie de cerinţa de hrănire

Senzori pot fi împărţite în două categorii în funcţie de cerinţa lor de aprovizionare.Acestea;

 

Senzori pasiv

Ei converti valori fizice sau chimice la o altă dimensiune fără să primească energie externe (fără a fi nevoie pentru tensiunea de alimentare) în nici un fel. Exemple de acest tip de senzor sunt thermocouple (T/C) sau switch-uri. T/C va fi explicat mai jos. Cheia este de a converti un mecanism mecanic într-o aprindere electrica ca cunoscut.

Senzori activi

Au nevoie de o dieta de semnalele pentru munca lor. Aceşti senzori sunt de obicei utilizate pentru a măsura semnalele slabe. Punctele considerate în senzori activi sunt intrări şi ieşiri. Aceste tipuri de senzori produce semnale electrice de ieşire în formatdigital sau analogic. În ieşiri analogice, dimensiunea de ieşire este de tensiune sau curent. Tensiunea de ieşire este folosit în general destul de larg în intervalul de la 0-5v. Cu toate acestea, rezultatul curent 4-20ma acum a devenit un standard în industrie. În unele cazuri, ciclul de curent de 0-20ma este folosit, dar în cazuri cum ar fi întreruperi pentru industria frecvent care apar în liniile, sistemul este mai uşor pentru a detecta şi 4-20ma este mai frecventă în scopul de a face datele de comunicare sănătoasă. Senzori foarte vechi au iesiri de curent 10-50 MA. Utilizarea de tipul cel mai desutilizat 4-20 MA ciclu în industria necesită unele ocazii speciale.

 

Aceste puncte sunt;

• Nici o tensiune de alimentare electrică este necesară la puncte la distanţă în cazul în care sunt plasate senzori.

• Senzori ar trebui să fie utilizate în aplicaţii periculoase în cazul în care semnalul de tensiune poate fi limitată!

• Cablurile la senzorul trebuie să fie limitat la doi.

• Cicluri de curent sunt relativ ferite de sare brusc de zgomot de tensiune. Cu toate acestea, că nu poate transmite date pe distanţe lungi.

• Senzori trebuie să fie izolate electric la sistemul de măsurare.

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