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O que é um sensor? Quais são os tipos?

Os sensores servem como uma ponte que conecta o ambiente físico e os dispositivos elétricos/eletrônicos para fins industriais. Esses dispositivos têm uma ampla gama de aplicações como controle, proteção e imagem durante o processo industrial.

 

Centenas de tipos de sensores produzidos hoje podem ser mencionados. Desenvolvimentos incrivelmente rápidos em tecnologia de micro-eletrônicos permitem que você desenvolver uma nova invenção ou um novo tipo de aplicação todos os dias.

 

Na terminologia técnica, os termos do sensor e do transdutor são freqüentemente usados no lugar uns dos outros. O transdutor é geralmente definido como o conversor de energia. O sensor é um dispositivo que converte vários formatos de energia em energia elétrica. Em 1969, no entanto, a ISA (sociedade instrumental da América) reconheceu estes dois termos como sinônimos e descreveu-o como "uma ferramenta que converte as propriedades físicas, quantidades e condições de medição em uma quantidade elétrica disponível".


 

Classificação dos sensores

É possível separar os sensores em várias classes diferentes. De acordo com o tamanho medido, de acordo com o tamanho da saída, de acordo com a exigência da alimentação etc...

 

Por tamanhos de entrada

O tamanho medido pelos sensores pode ser dividido em 6 grupos. Estes;

1. Mechanical: comprimento, área, quantidade, fluxo de massa, força, torque (momento), pressão, velocidade, aceleração, posição, comprimento de onda sadio e intensidade

2. Thermal: temperatura, fluxo de calor

3. Electric: tensão, corrente, çarc, resistor, indutância, capacitância, coeficiente dielétrico, polarização, campo elétrico, e freqüência

4. Magnetic: densidade de campo, densidade do fluxo, momento magnético, permeabilidade

5. Glow: densidade, comprimento de onda, polarização, fase, projeção, emitindo

6. Chemical: condensation, índice, oxidação/redação, taxa de reação, quantidade do pH

 

De acordo com os tamanhos de saída

Por outro lado, saídas digitais que são alternativas para saídas analógicas podem se comunicar diretamente com computadores. Determinados protocolos são usados ao estabelecer estas comunicações. Os protocolos de comunicação serial são mencionados brevemente abaixo.

 

RS232C: Este protocolo foi originalmente projetado para comunicação de dados de telefone. Em seguida, muitos sistemas de computador começou a usá-lo com freqüência, e, finalmente, RS232 tornou-se um protocolo de comunicação padrão. RS232C's trabalho deve terminar em um (único-ended). A lógica está entre 1 =-15.0-3 e Logic 0 = + 3, + 15. Os sensores enviam dados para o computador em bits e de acordo com o protocolo de comunicação serial. Uma vez que o RS232C é uma interface de fim único, a distância entre o receptor e o remetente deve ser mantida em curto prazo em termos de redução dos factores negativos (EMI, interferência de RFI) do ambiente externo.

 

RS422A: Este protocolo tem uma interface terminada diferencial. A distância entre o transmissor está longe o suficiente. O sistema continuará a comunicar mesmo que a atenuação seja reduzida a um nível de 200mV devido a esta distância. Graças à interface diferencial, a atenuação do sinal é negligenciável e pode ser fornecida com uma taxa de dados muito elevada. Em comunicação entre o sensor e o computador, o par trançado (cabo torcido) é usado para interagir com influências externas.

 

RS485:422A padrão é um protocolo que é criado por estender o protocolo. O transmissor receptor 32 pode trabalhar com este protocolo para fornecer a comunicação de dados com um único cabo. O protocolo RS485 elimina problemas de comunicação no cabo.

Interface de saída tipo Max cabo comprimento máximo de comunicação taxa de dados tipo RS232C única tensão terminada 15 MT 20kBps ponto a ponto RS422A differantial tensão 1,2 km 10Mbps ponto para ponto rs485a differantial tensão 1,2 km 10Mbps multidrop (32 nó) tabela 2: serial protocolos de comunicação

 

De acordo com a exigência de alimentação

Os sensores podem ser divididos em duas classes de acordo com sua exigência da fonte. Estes;

 

Sensores passivos

Eles convertem valores físicos ou químicos para outro tamanho sem receber energia externa (sem a necessidade de tensão de alimentação) de forma alguma. Exemplos deste tipo de sensor são termopares (T/C) ou switches. O T/C será explicado abaixo. A chave é converter um movimento mecânico em uma ignição elétrica como conhecido.

Sensores ativos

Eles precisam de uma dieta de energia externa para o seu trabalho. Estes sensores são tipicamente usados para medir sinais fracos. Os pontos a serem considerados em sensores ativos são entradas e saídas. Estes tipos de sensores produzem sinais elétricos de saída em formato digital ou analógico. Em saídas analógicas, o tamanho da saída é a tensão ou corrente. A saída da tensão é usada geralmente razoavelmente amplamente na escala de 0-5V. Entretanto, a saída atual de 4-20mA tornou-se agora o padrão na indústria. Em alguns casos, o ciclo atual de 0-20mA é usado, mas em casos como a interrupção da indústria, muitas vezes ocorrendo nas linhas, o sistema é mais fácil de detectar e 4-20mA é mais comum, a fim de tornar a comunicação de dados saudáveis. Sensores muito antigos têm 10-50 ma saídas atuais. O uso do mais amplamente utilizado 4-20 mA tipo de ciclo na indústria requer algumas ocasiões especiais.

 

Estes pontos são;

• Não é necessária tensão de alimentação eléctrica em pontos remotos onde os sensores são colocados.

• Os sensores devem ser utilizados em aplicações perigosas onde o sinal de tensão pode ser limitado!

• Os cabos do sensor devem ser limitados a dois.

• Os ciclos actuais estão relativamente protegidos contra saltos repentinos da tensão sonora. No entanto, ele não pode transmitir dados de longa distância.

• Os sensores devem ser isolados electricamente do sistema de medição.

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