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Što je senzor? Koje su vrste?

Senzori služe kao most koji povezuje fizičko okruženje i električnih/elektroničkih uređaja za industrijske svrhe. Ovi uređaji imaju širok spektar aplikacija kao što su kontrola, zaštita i obrada slike tijekom industrijskih procesa.

 

Stotine vrsta senzora danas proizvodi može biti spomenuto. Nevjerojatno brz razvojtehnologija mikro-elektronika omogućuju razviti novi izum ili novu vrstu aplikacije svaki dan.

 

U tehnički terminologiji, uvjeti senzora i davača se često koriste umjesto jednidruge. Pretvornik je općenito definiran kao pretvarač energije. Senzor je uređaj kojipretvara različite oblike energije u električnu energiju. 1969, međutim, ISA (Instrument Society of America) prepoznaje ova dva pojma kao sinonime i opisao ga kao "alatkoji pretvara mjerenih fizikalnih svojstava, količine i uvjeti u iznosu dostupne električne".


 

Klasifikacija senzora

To je moguće odvojiti senzori u mnogo različitih klasa. Prema mjerenih veličina, prema veličini proizvodnje, prema zahtjevu hranjenja itd...

 

Za unos dimenzija

Veličina mjeri senzori mogu se podijeliti u 6 skupina. ;

1. mehanički: Dužina, područje, količina, masenog protoka, sile, momenta (trenutak),tlak, brzina, ubrzanje, položaj, zvuk valne duljine i intenziteta

2. termalni: temperatura, toplinski tok

3. električni: Napona, struje, çarc, otpornik, induktivitet, kapaciteta, dielektrične koeficijent, polarizacija, električnog polja, i frekvencija

4. magnetski: polje gustoće, indukcija, magnetski moment, propusnost

5. sjaj: Gustoća, Valna duljina, polarizacija, faza, projekcija, slanje

6. kemijski: kondenzacija, sadržaj, oksidacije/redakcija, brzina reakcije, PH količina

 

Prema izlazne veličine

S druge strane, digitalna izlaza koje su alternativa analognog izlaza mogu komunicirati izravno s računala. Određeni protokoli se koriste prilikom uspostavljanja tih komunikacija. Serijski komunikacijski protokoli su ukratko navedene u nastavku.

 

RS232C: Ovaj protokol je izvorno dizajniran za komunikaciju podataka telefona. Mnogi računalni sustavi počeli koristiti često, i u konačnici RS232 je postao standardnikomunikacijski protokol. RS232C je posao završiti u jednom (jedne strane). Logika jeizmeđu 1 =-15,0-3 i logička 0 = + 3, + 15. Senzori poslati podatke računalu bita i u skladu s serijski komunikacijski protokol. Budući da RS232C sučelje sa jedne strane, Udaljenost između primatelja i pošiljatelja trebala biti kratki u smislu smanjenja negativnih faktora (EMI, interferencije RFI) iz vanjskog okruženja.

 

RS422A: Ovaj protokol je diferencijalna kraj sučelje. Udaljenost između primopredajnik je dovoljno daleko. Sustav će nastaviti komunicirati iako prigušenja je smanjen na razinu od 200mv zbog ove udaljenosti. Zahvaljujući diferencijalna sučelje, slabljenje signala je zanemariv i uz vrlo visoku brzinu. U komunikaciji između senzora i računala, Twisted Pair (upletena kabel) se koristi za interakciju sa vanjskim utjecajima.

 

RS485: Standardni 422a je protokol koji je stvorio proširenje protokola. 32 prijemnikodašiljača možete raditi s ovim protokolom za komunikaciju podataka s jedan kabel.RS485 protokol eliminira komunikacijskog problema na kabel.

Izlaz sučelje tip Max Duljina kabela max podaci stopa komunikacija vrsta RS232C jedan kraj napon 15 Mt 20kbps točke do točke RS422A differantial napon 1,2 km 10mbps točke do točke RS485A differantial napon 1,2 km 10mbps multidrop (32 čvora) tablica 2: serijski komunikacijske protokole

 

Prema zahtjevu hranjenja

Senzori mogu se podijeliti u dvije klase prema svom zahtjevu opskrbe. ;

 

Pasivni senzori

Fizikalne ili kemijske vrijednosti pretvaranja u drugu veličinu bez primanja vanjske energije (bez potrebe za naponom) na bilo koji način. Primjeri ove vrste senzora su termoelementom (T/C) ili skretnice. T/C će biti objašnjena u nastavku. Ključ je da pretvoriti električne paljenje mehanički mehanizam poznat.

Aktivni senzori

Treba im vanjske energije dijeta za njihov rad. Ovi senzori su obično koristi za mjerenje slabih signala. Bodovi uzeti u obzir u aktivni senzori su ulaza i izlaza. Ove vrste senzora stvaraju izlazne signale u digitalnom ili analognom obliku. Analogni izlazi, izlazna veličina je napon ili struja. Izlazni napon je općenito prilično široko koristi u rasponu 0-5v. Međutim, trenutni izlaz 4-20ma je sada postala je standard u industriji. Unekim slučajevima, trenutni ciklus 0-20ma koristi, ali u slučajevima kao što su poremećaj u industriji često se javljaju u redovima, sustav je lakše otkriti i 4-20ma je češćakako bi podatkovna komunikacija zdrava. Vrlo stara senzori imaju 10-50 MA sadašnjom. Korištenje najkorišteniji 4-20 MA ciklusu vrste u industriji zahtijeva neke posebne prigode.

 

Te točke su;

• Nema napon je potrebno na udaljenim mjestima gdje su postavljeni senzori.

• Senzori treba koristiti u opasne aplikacije gdje napon signala mogu biti ograničeni.

• Kabeli senzora mora biti ograničen na dva.

• Trenutni ciklusi su relativno zaštićen od nagle skokove napon. Međutim, to ne može prenositi na daljinu podatke.

• Senzori moraju biti električki izolirani od mjernog sustava.

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