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Quais são os tipos de células de combustível de hidrogênio?

Tipos de célula de combustível

 

Dependendo dos tipos do uso do eletrólito, as pilhas de combustível podem ser divididas em diversas variedades.

 

1. célula de combustível alcalina (AFC)

 

Esta célula de combustível é usada como um eletrólito em Koh. Redução de oxigênio em eletrólitos alcalinos é mais rápido do que a cinética de eletrólitos ácidos e o uso de catalisadores não metálicos faz AFC econômico. No entanto, não permite a presença de impurezas ácidas como o CO2 no ambiente devido à taxa de emissão.

 

Os sistemas alcalinos funcionam muito bem à temperatura ambiente e têm a maior eficiência de tensão entre todos os outros sistemas de combustível. Além disso, a AFC tem uma longa vida operacional, uma vez que pode adaptar-se bem com muitos materiais.

 

O AFC são sistemas confiáveis e são capazes de alcançar uma potência relativamente alta em pequenos volumes. As densidades de potência variam entre 100-200 mW/cm ². Os custos são tentados para ser entregues ao 50/100 $/kW para o sector dos transportes.

 

2. célula de combustível ácido fosfórico (PAFC)

 

Nesta célula de combustível em que o ácido fosfórico é utilizado em eletrolítico, os combustíveis limpos relativos (como gás natural, GLP) ou o gás do arejador são limpos. Centra-se em duas aplicações mais próximas do mercado. Estas são centrais eléctricas e unidades cogenaration. É necessário usar um electro catalisador de metal de soja em PAFC. Apesar desta desvantagem, o ácido fosfórico proporciona uma excelente estabilidade térmica, química e eletroquímica como um eletrólito. Além disso, PAFCs são muito vantajosos para a utilização de calor de resíduos.

 

Sistemas PAFC são os sistemas mais desenvolvidos nas aplicações na terra. São usados na maior parte para produzir a eletricidade nos lugares tais como apartamentos, alamedas, etc. PAFCs estão disponíveis comercialmente a forma de um gerador elétrico de 24 V, de 250 W a 200 kW. O custo do investimento é $287/kW em um sistema PKC de 200 kW que use o gás como o combustível.

 

PAFCs pode funcionar melhor em um nível de saída fixo. Com um sistema híbrido, ele executa melhor se o requisito de alta potência exigido pela aceleração é encontrado com outras ferramentas. As aplicações as mais bonitas de PAFCS estarão em veículos ou em locomotivas resistentes.

 

3. pilhas de combustível do óxido contínuo (SOFC)

 

SOFCs são baterias de combustível sólido. A maioria dos materiais de célula consistem em cerâmica especial e níquel. A temperatura de funcionamento é de cerca de 1000 º C. Como o combustível é combinado com co, o hidrogênio é usado e como um produto de reação, vapor de água e CO2 estão emergindo.

 

SOFC são lugares onde a eletricidade e o calor podem ser usados como uma unidade da cogeração. uma turbina a vapor pode ser combinada com o vapor a ser obtido mesmo com 1000 º C. Assim, a eficiência total do sistema pode atingir até 50-55%. os custos de investimento actualmente calculados são de $1500/kW.

 

4. pilha do combustível da membrana da substituição do protão (PEMFC)

 

"Pemfc" foi inventado pela General Electric no início dos anos 1960. É referido como uma célula de combustível eletrolítico de polímero sólido. Neste tipo de células de combustível, as membranas podem ser usadas para passar prótons (íons de hidrogênio).

 

A célula de combustível PEM é composta de um eletrólito sólido com prótons, tais como polímeros ácidos sulfúricos perphorlu, pressionado entre dois elétrons revestidos com platina. Cria uma coluna de gás entre o ânodo eletrolítico e cátodo, permitindo o transporte dos íons de hidrogênio corretos no cátodo do ânodo. Eletrólitos de polímero consistem em dutos de difusão de gás encontrados em eletrodos de gás. Ao mesmo tempo, estes canais são também a tarefa de recolher a corrente elétrica. A temperatura de funcionamento do PEMs está em temperaturas muito baixas, como 80-90 º C, e as pressões de funcionamento estão entre 1-8 ATM pressões. Estes tipos de pilhas de combustível podem trabalhar com hidrogênio e oxigênio em uma determinada taxa de umidade.

 

PEMs têm uma densidade de potência elevada de 350 mW/cm ² e estão atualmente disponíveis comercialmente na escala de poder de 100-500 W. Os custos de investimento também são variados a partir de 5000-13000. Com o declínio dos custos de membrana e catalisador e em caso de produção em série, estes custos serão 10-20 dobrar para baixo.

 

Intensidade de alta potência, arranque rápido e rápido e saída de potência variável em conformidade com o PEMs disponível na área de transporte.

 

5. Derreta a pilha carbonatada do combustível (MCFC)

 

O MCFC opera a uma temperatura de 600-650 º C e é uma das baterias de combustível da segunda geração desenvolvida recentemente. Em Anotta o CO2, o produto rico do gás e a produção de H2O são fornecidos, e o CO2 é emitido para ser misturado com o ar que entra no catota.

 

Devido à alta temperatura de funcionamento do MCFC, pode ser usado para o calor waste valioso, a temperatura do processo e finalidades cogenaration. Suas vantagens mais importantes são usadas diretamente na célula na câmara do ânodo para a conversão de seu próprio calor waste da desenxôfreização ao Hydrojene. O custo de investimento alvejado para MCFC está em um nível de $1000/kW.

 

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