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L'invenzione del microscopio

Il microscopio è uno strumento ottico che permette all'immagine di essere esaminata da alcuni obiettivi con l'ausilio di piccoli oggetti che non sono visibili ad occhio nudo. In primo luogo, come suggerisce il nome, l'esame dei microbi è in realtà un servizio importante nel settore dell'industria, metallurgia, genetica, geologia, archeologia, e criminologia.

 

Chi ha inventato il microscopio?

La microscopia è riconosciuta che l'olandese Zaccaria Janssen ha creato un telescopio nell'anno 1590. Ma in questo momento, altri studiosi olandesi, tedeschi, inglesi e italiani si resero conto anche che un telescopio invertito poteva essere utilizzato per allargare gli oggetti. Il famoso studioso italiano Galilei Galileo (1564-1642) due lenti, rilasciato dal Papa, a condizione che il mondo è stato girato intorno al sole, che è sottoposto all'Inquisizione e ha abbandonato il mondo nel etrâf solare. Ha avuto qualche esperienza con esso. I principi fondamentali del microscopio di oggi sono stati trovati nel 17 ° secolo olandese Auton van Leeuwenhoek e britannico Robert hook.

 

Microscopi speciali

 

Microscopi stereoscopici:

Microscopi stereoscopici sono stati fatti per fornire immagini tridimensionali dei corpi. I due microscopi sono realizzati in montaggio sulla sommità di un treppiede sotto forma di un sistema ottico. Questi microscopi sono adatti per i laboratori di biologia.

 

Microscopio metallurgico:

Una forte sorgente luminosa è stata aggiunta al microscopio perché le parti minerali non passano la luce. La luce dalla sorgente è esaminata dal riflesso della luce riflessa nell'obiettivo.

 

Microscopio elettronico:

L'immagine può essere ingrandita diverse milioni di volte utilizzando elettroni per ottenere immagini in microscopia elettronica. Tanto ingrandimento è che l'altezza dell'onda dell'elettrone è qualche migliaio di volte più piccola della lunghezza d'onda della luce. Il microscopio elettronico è utilizzato anche nella ricerca scientifica per esaminare oggetti molto piccoli come gli atomi e virus.

 

Microscopio campo-emissione:

I microscopi di emissione del campo sono usati per esaminare le strutture di cristallo dalle immagini di superficie di metallo o dei semiconduttori. Una tecnica molto nuova, che separa questi microscopi da microscopi elettro e ottici, è un elettrone o un evento di Breakout (emissione) ionico dall'oggetto invece di passare luce o fotone dal corpo. Le emissioni sono fornite dal campo elettrico. Gli elettrodi dal metallo da esaminare cadono su uno schermo simile al tubo TV, lasciando tracce secondo la struttura cristallina. Questa immagine della struttura di cristallo può anche essere fotografata. Il microscopio elettronico ha una funzione di ingrandimento. L'immagine è molto nitida e dettagliata.

 

Microscopio polarizzazione:

È un microscopio ottico dotato di due prismi Nicol o due primer polari con tavolo girevole. La polarizzazione Nicol posta sotto la piastra invia luce polarizzata sull'oggetto; L'analista Nicol è posizionato leggermente sopra la lente. Quando questi due prismi si incontrano, il campo del microscopio appare scuro, tranne che per le sostanze con una certa forza di velocità o le aree in cui le sostanze Double-fragile sono trovati.

 

Microscopio di fase opposto:

Questo microscopio permette l'emersione di piccole variazioni negli indici di rifrazione degli oggetti esaminati. Una configurazione ottica che Zernike trova è utile per trovare piccolissime variazioni di fase delle vibrazioni dall'oggetto da esaminare; Per questo, un diaframma a forma di anello nella considerazione e la parte posteriore della lente è posto in una diapositiva che fa una differenza di fase. I cambiamenti di fase nel corpo appaiono come variazioni di luce nell'immagine, ma anche le differenze di spessore ottico fino a 30-40 Angström possono essere facilmente reperibili. Questo microscopio è usato dai biologi per esaminare organismi vivi.

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