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Izum i povijest računala. Prvo računalo na svijetu.

Ako pogledamo povijest računala, vidjet ćemo da računalo ideja nije vrlo stara. U 1830-ih godina, Charles Babbage (1792.-1871.) je vid stvaranja za razliku i onda analitički stroj, izračun rad elektro-mehanički Alati i rezultate. Iako je Charles Babbage nisu postigli uspješne rezultate s ovim strojevima, pretpostavlja se da osnova računala je odbačen od njega.

 

U 1850, George je odigrao važnu ulogu na razvoj računala po pronalaženju Booleova algebra sustav, koji je u svoje ime i koristi se samo u brojevima 1 i 0.

 

U 1890, Herman Hollerith razvija elektromehanički vozila gdje informacija može biti naprćen perforiranim karticama i prikupljaju ove informacije. Ovaj kalkulator je uspješno korišten u SAD 1890 popis.

 

Prvo analogno računalo izvršena je Vannevar Bush 1931. Nasuprot tome, George Stibiz proizvodi njegov prvi digitalno računalo u Bell laboratoriju u New Yorku u 1939. Stibiz binarni sustav primijeniti na ovaj stroj da izvode aritmetičke operacije s kompleksnim brojevima.

 

2. najviše važne i brzog kretanja u računala Čini se da nakon drugog svjetskog rata. Haward Aitken završio MARK 1 1944 surađujući s IBM-om. Iako ovo računalo ima mali kapacitet, to se smatralo velik uspjeh in uvjeti dana. Informacije koje je dao MARK 1 s bušene kartice i bušene kartice još uvijek snimljenih rezultata.

 

Računalo s nazivom ENIAC je od strane grupe znanstvenika 1945. ENIAC je razvijen za vojne svrhe. Radio lampe su koristi, a u odnosu na MARK 1, to je bilo brzo. Računalo se prebaciti na elektroničkom računalu i zamijeniti mehanički hardvera u elektroničke sklopove.

 

Na prvo računalo te koristiti za komercijalne svrhe i serijske proizvodnje je UNIVAC sam. Ulazno-izlazne jedinice računala su magnetske vrpce i imali pisač. Iste godine objavljen je računalo IBM 701. Ovo računalo je vakuumska cijev i jednostavan programabilan struktura. Od 1958. nadalje, IBM počeo koristiti Diot i tranzistora umjesto vakuumske cijevi na računalu. Prema tome, manji, lakši i manje grijani računala su prodali. Osim toga, disk i bubnjevi su uvedene kao medija za pohranu podataka.

 

Od 1964, integracija tranzistora s integriranim sklopovima ubrzao razvoj u području računala; Brže, više pouzdan i jeftin računala počeli proizvoditi. Od 1970, uvođenje niza integriranih krugova je primijetio da dodavanje nove dimenzije računalna revolucija. Posebno od 1993, veliku memoriju i brza računala, kao i moćan programski jezici i operativni sustavi privući pozornost u nastajanju. Umjesto koštica pamćenje u starijih računala, jeftinije magnetska unutarnja memorija koristi i računalo troškova sve više pada.

Prva računala

 

Znaš da je računalo, PC, osobno računalo, IBM kompatibilan PC je spomenuto, ponekad se naziva 386.486, sa Pentium imena. Tako da idete malo dalje, sam došao preko Isa, EISA, PCI računala. Trebali su pojmovi konje, XT, Ps/2, koji su više zainteresirani za tehnička pitanja.

 

Od 1980-ih, osobna računala su tradicija za razliku između opće arhitektura matična ploča ili model glavni procesor. Sad mi se bliži pogled na svijet računala:

 

IBM-PC

 

Ovaj uređaj, koji je započeo računalo ludost, objavljen je 1981, nije jasno kakvu trgovinama ga mogla prodati. Tamo je nema tvrdi disk od IBM PC sa dvije 5,25-inčne disketne pogone. Glavni procesor je Intel 8086; Bilo je pet karta prorez. Nakon nekog vremena IBM staviti hard disk u ovaj model; Ali nije bilo moguće povećati memoriju računala naziva RAM čip, jer je čip koji ga je stvorio je u kombinaciji s Alakarla. Ako imate starinski računalo, čepljenje ažirirajući osvježavanja; Držite ga kao što je. Nakon nekog vremena, možete prodati ih na starinski trgovci ili računalne tehnologije muzeja.

 

IBM XT

Prvi PC sa 10 megabajta hard disk sa IBM XT CPU, je bio brži od Intel 8088. Broj kartice mjesta je uklonjen 8 ′. Jedino mjesto računala koji prihvaća 8-bitni standard karta je dostojan današnji Muzej!

 

IBM. AT.

'AT' model, koji je otpušten 1985 i je pravi baka PC kao danas, izgrađen je na Intel 80286 CPU. To je pet puta brže nego originalni PC i 16-bitni standard kartice. Tvrtka IBM je na raspolaganju to ovaj računalo na cijelu industriju, što je glavna kartica arhitektura zove Isa. ISA značilo standardne arhitekture za sve računalne industrije; -Naravno da jesam. U jednom trenutku, stotine tvrtki počeo proizvodnju uređaja koja su kompatibilna s 'AT'. Mrežne kartice koriste za povezivanje modemi, skeneri, i drugih vanjskih uređaja s računalom u jednom trenutku sam bio u mogućnosti ispuniti u trgovinama, s činjenicom da standard je uistinu prihvatila cijelu industriju. Međutim, od'AT' računalo matična ploča stopa je vrlo niska u odnosu na prisutni, to je moguće ažurirati na računalo s nove kartice i odbacite novac dati nove kartice. Od glavne kartice veličine računalo IBM-u je isto kao današnja moderna kartice, moguće je da kućišta je ocijenjena kao praznu kutiju i promijeniti sve u njemu. Međutim, budući da originalni "u" premala da biste alocirali na agregat, to neće biti vrijedan teret prazan okvir.

 

PCjr i PS/2

Usvajanjem standarda ISA sa IBM-om računalo proizvodnje poduzeća izvan IBM i ubrzao. IBM "prvi put u" računala su prilično skupe. Kompatibilan sa IBM računalima drugih tvrtki su puno jeftiniji. IBM pokušali vratiti računalo kod kuće tržištu, koji je počeo gubiti na druge tvrtke s PCJR model koji je uzeo u 1986 i 1987 godine. IBM PS/2,izgrađen je s arhitektura koja je ne dopuštaju drugim tvrtkama biti sličan. IBM je imeMCA (Micro Channel architecture) u toj arhitekturi. Razlikuje od Isa, kao što su danas je plug-and-play kartice, postavke za MCA računala bi automatski se računalo, neod strane korisnika. To nije strategija. PCjr, vrlo malo talenta; PS/2, PS/2 računalimabili su među nekoliko ljudi i antikviteti tvrtke jer oni nisu prihvatili Isa kartice se mogu kupiti od bilo koji dućan i MCA kartice su tri do četiri puta skuplje od drugih. IBM je također izdao ISA modela PS/2 računalima bez dodatne najave. Ako imate takvu računalo, možete ga koristiti kao prazan okvir, pod uvjetom da matična ploča će primiti ploče i kutu dodijeljeno je agregat je vrlo širok, pa sve je renovirano. Međutim,PS/2, koja je teško ukloniti zbog svoje uloge-metal šasija, može otežati život za korisnika.

 

386, 486 i Pentium

I došli smo do modernih računala danas. Od 1987, Intel je počeo razvijati majstor trgovanje čip sa modelima koje možete obaviti brže i više operacija svake dvije godine. 486 ′ 586 gledao. U međuvremenu, počeli su proizvoditi CPU u drugim firmama ipružaju informacije poput imena svoje žetone. Kada Intel postaviti vanjska strana tajbroj marke i nazivi proizvoda od brojeva je teško, čak nemoguće zaštititi autorska prava, 586 čip dao naziv "latinski derivacija pet riječi (penta) Pentium. (Naziv Pentiumnastavio tako da Intel 686 i 786 trebala bi im pod nazivom Pentium II i Pentium III.)Razvoj Intel obitelj

 

Informacije metode razvijen od strane Intel je 386 čip je primijenjen na sve naknadno žetone. Drugim riječima na 486 i Pentium čipovi su samo naprednije 386 ′. Računala u ISA arhitekturi, pod nazivom "386-čip" danas radi s verzijom moderni operativnisustavi na temelju memorije i prostora na disku. Na takvim računalima, Windows3.1, Windows 3.11, Windows 95, ovisno o mogućnosti CPU, RAM i tvrdi Disk. 2000,možete vidjeti Windows NT operativni sistem. Operacijski sustavi pod nazivom "otvoreni sustav" ili GNU grupa (kao što je Linux) će raditi više udobno na 386-tip računala od novije verzije sustava Windows.

 

Računala s Intel 386 ili Intel 486 (i njihov ekvivalent AMD i Cyrix čips) su ISA i EISA arhitekture, koja je razvila; Tako možete umetnuti bilo koju karticu srednji jedinica s tržišta. Međutim, Intel je razvio nove arhitektura računala pod nazivom PCI, koji eliminira nužnost izrade dobro postavkama instaliran kartice, najveći izazov je i EISA. Najveća značajka PCI arhitekture je da postoji zahtjev (i često mogućnosti) to izraditi bilo koji namještanje kartice biti kompatibilan s računalom kada odgovarajuće kartice suse pridružio ovoj arhitekturi. Ova vrsta kartice može priložiti ISA i EISA računalo, ali glavne kartice u PCI arhitekture obično sadrži nekoliko Isa, čak i EISA kartice utore.

 

Razne matična ploča kompanije čine CPU od 386 čip koji se može udaljiti. Također,386-tip memorije čipovi su postali moguće zamijeniti i povećana. Ako imate ovakvematična ploča, vjerojatno možete osvježiti mnoge aspekte vašeg računala CPU, RAMi tako dalje.

 

Intel tvrtka je osnovana u 1968 da bi sve linije memorije. Zahtjev kompanije koja proizvodi kalkulator, traži cijeli sklop CPU za kalkulator za proizvodnju; I opet, terminalće proizvode, tvrtka Intel 4004 (1971.) i 8008 (1972) CPU da zadovolji zahtjeve drugetvrtke, opet traži poseban sve-sklop.

 

Osnovna mjera klasifikacija Mikroprocesori i mikroračunala je maksimalan broj bitova podataka koji mikroprocesor je učinio u krugu--dužina riječi (riječ dužina). Počevšiod 8008, koji je 4-bitni procesor sa 4004 i 8-bitni procesor, Duljina podataka standardi za Mikroprocesori i mikroračunala, kao što su 4-bitni, 8-bitni, 16-bitni, 32-bitni, 64-bitni, rođen.

 

Intel je zadržao u proizvodnji niskim kapacitetom jer nije predvidjeti da bilo tko drugi bi biti zainteresirani u sve krugove u 4004 i 8008. Ali za razliku od njihove procjene, ovo je bio veliki interes za sve linije. Kao rezultat ovog i ograničenje od 16 k memorija od 8008, Intel je proizveo opće namjene 8080 CPU 1974. Odjednom ovaj cijeli sklop je velika potražnja i u kratkom razdoblju 8080, 8-bitni mikroprocesor je industrijski standard. Dvije godine kasnije, Intel ispaljen 8085 ′, napredne 8080 procesor, 1976.

 

Intel je proizveo 8086 ′, prvi 16-bitni mikroprocesor 1978. Na 8086 je slična prethodnim 8080/8085 proizvod, ali dvije obitelji procesora su kompatibilna sa svaki ostali.Godinu dana kasnije, 1979, 8086 ′ 8-bitni podaci-autobus verzija, 8088, bio prvi procesor za IBM PC mikroračunala proizveden 1981. Čim u industriji 16-bitni mikroprocesor standardni, 8086/8088 je srž porodice mikroprocesora zove se x86 obitelj, s mnogo različitih proizvoda koji se proteže do u prezen

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