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L'invention du microscope

Le microscope est un instrument optique qui permet à l'image d'être examinée par quelques lentilles avec l'aide de petits objets qui ne sont pas visibles à l'œil nu. Tout d'abord, comme son nom l'indique, l'examen des microbes est en fait un service important dans le domaine de l'industrie, de la métallurgie, de la génétique, de la géologie, de l'archéologie et de la criminologie.

 

Qui a inventé le microscope?

La microscopie est reconnue que la hollandaise Zacharias Janssen a d'abord créé un télescope en l'an 1590. Mais à cette époque, d'autres érudits hollandais, allemands, anglais et italiens se sont aussi rendu compte qu'un télescope inversé pouvait être utilisé pour agrandir les objets. Le célèbre érudit italien Galilei Galileo (1564-1642) deux lentilles, libéré par le pape, à condition que le monde a été tourné autour du soleil, qui est soumis à l'Inquisition et a abandonné le monde dans le etrâf solaire. Il a eu quelques expériences de l'utiliser. Les principaux principes du microscope d'aujourd'hui ont été trouvés dans l'Auton hollandais du 17ème siècle van Leeuwenhoek et le britannique Robert Hook.

 

Microscopes spéciaux

 

Microscopes stéréoscopiques:

Des microscopes stéréoscopiques ont été faits pour fournir des images en trois dimensions des corps. Les deux microscopes sont faits à partir du montage sur le dessus d'un trépied sous la forme d'un système optique. Ces microscopes conviennent aux laboratoires de biologie.

 

Microscope métallurgique:

Une source lumineuse forte a été ajoutée au microscope parce que les parties minérales ne passent pas la lumière. La lumière de la source est examinée par le reflet de la lumière reflétée dans la lentille.

 

Microscope électronique:

L'image peut être agrandie plusieurs millions de fois en utilisant des électrons pour obtenir des images en microscopie électronique. Tant de grossissement est que la hauteur de l'onde de l'électron est quelques milliers de fois plus petit que la longueur d'onde de la lumière. Le microscope électronique est également utilisé dans la recherche scientifique pour examiner de très petits objets tels que les atomes et les virus.

 

Champ-microscope d'émission:

Des microscopes d'émission de champ sont utilisés pour examiner les structures cristallines des images de surface du métal ou des semi-conducteurs. Une technique très nouvelle, qui sépare ces microscopes des microscopes électroniques et optiques, est un événement d'émission d'électrons ou d'ions (Emission) de l'objet au lieu de passer la lumière ou le photon du corps. Les émissions sont fournies par le champ électrique. Les électrodes du métal à examiner tombent sur un écran semblable au tube de TV, laissant des traces selon la structure cristalline. Cette image de la structure cristalline peut également être photographiée. Le microscope électronique a une fonction de grossissement. L'image est très croustillante et détaillée.

 

Microscope de polarisation:

Il s'agit d'un microscope optique équipé de deux prismes Nicol ou deux amorces polaires avec une table rotative. La polarisation Nicol placée sous la plaque envoie la lumière polarisée sur l'objet; L'analyste Nicol est placé légèrement au-dessus de la lentille. Lorsque ces deux prismes se rencontrent, le champ du microscope semble sombre, sauf pour les substances avec une certaine force de vitesse ou les zones où les substances doubles fragiles sont trouvées.

 

Microscope de phase opposée:

Ce microscope permet l'émergence de petites variations dans les indices de réfraction des objets examinés. Une configuration optique que Zernike détecte est utile pour trouver de très petites variations de phase des vibrations de l'objet à examiner; Pour cela, un diaphragme en forme de bague dans la considération et le dos de l'objectif est placé dans une diapositive qui fait une différence de phase. Les changements de phase dans le corps apparaissent comme des variations de lumière dans l'image, mais même les différences d'épaisseur optique de jusqu'à 30-40 angström peuvent être facilement trouvées. Ce microscope est utilisé par les biologistes pour examiner les organismes vivants.

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